{
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  "id": "PHYS-2026-07-24-01",
  "canonical_url": "https://rimoooliii.github.io/physicsday/physics/PHYS-2026-07-24-01/",
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    "id": "PHYS-2026-07-24-01",
    "date": "2026-07-24",
    "updated_at": "2026-07-24",
    "title": "From a local zero to Laughlin topological order",
    "summary": "What the Laughlin clustering rule determines exactly, what additionally requires a gap and screening, and how quasiholes connect microscopic zeros to topological field theory.",
    "language": "en",
    "entry_kind": "daily",
    "status": "published",
    "level": "graduate-advanced",
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      "quantum-theory",
      "mathematical-physics"
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  "content_markdown": "\n## Key claim\n\n**The comfortable belief under pressure:** the Laughlin state is primarily a clever variational wavefunction whose remarkable properties must be read from its full formula.\n\nWhat if the decisive datum is instead local?\n\n## Theme\n\n**The Laughlin state is organized by a many-body clustering constraint: local exclusion becomes global density rigidity, and—given a gap and screening—topological order.**\n\n## Guiding question\n\nSuppose you forgot the explicit Laughlin wavefunction but retained only this statement:\n\n> Whenever two particles approach, the wavefunction vanishes as a prescribed power of their relative coordinate.\n\nHow much of the fractional quantum Hall effect could you reconstruct from that local rule?\n\nThe answer is substantial but not unlimited. Lowest-Landau-level analyticity turns the zero into exact pseudopotential constraints and flux counting.\n\nFractional charge, braiding, and topological field theory require additional physical input: a stable gapped phase, screening, and adiabatic continuity.\n\n## Setup\n\nFor fermions at filling $\\nu=1/m$, with $m\\in2\\mathbb{Z}+1$, the Laughlin state on the plane is\n\n$$\n\\Psi_m(z_1,\\ldots,z_N)\n=\\prod_{i<j}(z_i-z_j)^m\n\\exp\\left[-\\sum_i\\frac{|z_i|^2}{4\\ell_B^2}\\right].\n$$\n\nIts structurally important property is\n\n$$\n\\Psi_m\\sim(z_i-z_j)^m\n\\qquad\\text{as}\\qquad z_i\\to z_j.\n$$\n\nThis is a clustering condition on allowed lowest-Landau-level wavefunctions. It fixes their analytic behavior near the particle-coincidence manifold.\n\nThe phrase “boundary condition” is useful by analogy, but it must be handled carefully. The condition selects the zero-mode kernel of a parent Hamiltonian; it is not, by itself, the self-adjoint domain of that Hamiltonian.\n\nCompare this with the Bethe–Peierls condition in three dimensions,\n\n$$\n\\psi(\\mathbf r)\\sim\n\\mathcal{A}\\left(\\frac{1}{r}-\\frac{1}{a}\\right),\n\\qquad r\\to0.\n$$\n\nBoth replace microscopic interaction details by short-distance asymptotics. Bethe–Peierls regulates a singularity; Laughlin clustering enforces a high-order zero.\n\n## Analysis\n\n### Derivation — from a pair zero to an exact parent Hamiltonian\n\nIn the lowest Landau level, kinetic energy is frozen. Two-particle states can be classified by relative angular momentum $r$.\n\nA rotationally invariant interaction decomposes into Haldane pseudopotentials:\n\n$$\nH=\\sum_{i<j}\\sum_{r=0}^{\\infty}V_rP_{ij}^{(r)},\n$$\n\nwhere $P_{ij}^{(r)}$ projects particles $i,j$ onto relative angular momentum $r$.\n\nFor spin-polarized fermions, only odd $r$ occur. Because\n\n$$\n\\Psi_m\\sim(z_i-z_j)^m,\n$$\n\nthe Laughlin state has no pair amplitude in the channels\n\n$$\nr=1,3,\\ldots,m-2.\n$$\n\nIt is therefore a zero-energy state of the positive-semidefinite parent Hamiltonian\n\n$$\nH_{mathrm{parent}}\n=\\sum_{i<j}\n\\sum_{\\substack{r<m\\\\r\\ \\mathrm{odd}}}\nV_rP_{ij}^{(r)},\n\\qquad V_r>0.\n$$\n\nFor $\\nu=1/3$,\n\n$$\nH_{mathrm{parent}}=V_1\\sum_{i<j}P_{ij}^{(1)}.\n$$\n\nThe state is not merely low in energy. Every positive local projector annihilates it:\n\n$$\nP_{ij}^{(r)}\\Psi_m=0\n\\qquad(r<m).\n$$\n\nThis is the exact chain:\n\n$$\n\\text{coincidence zero}\n\\Longleftrightarrow\n\\text{forbidden pair channels}\n\\Longrightarrow\n\\text{frustration-free zero mode}.\n$$\n\n### Scope and assumptions — density rigidity is not yet a spectral gap\n\nOn the disk, the largest power of each coordinate is\n\n$$\nN_{\\phi}=m(N-1),\n$$\n\nso\n\n$$\n\\nu=\\frac{N}{N_{\\phi}}\\longrightarrow\\frac{1}{m}\n$$\n\nin the thermodynamic limit.\n\nEach enforced zero consumes polynomial degree and therefore magnetic flux. At fixed flux, the order-$m$ zero imposes an upper bound on the density.\n\nThe Laughlin polynomial is the unique densest zero mode in the standard geometry and sector. This is a strong kinematic rigidity statement.\n\nIt does **not** by itself prove a nonzero thermodynamic excitation gap. Calling the state incompressible requires a dynamical statement about the spectrum above the zero-mode sector.\n\nThe occupation-number language makes the density constraint visible. The root pattern is\n\n$$\n1\\,0^{m-1}\\,1\\,0^{m-1}\\,1\\cdots,\n$$\n\ncapturing the $(1,m)$ admissibility rule: no more than one particle appears in any $m$ consecutive orbitals.\n\nThis rule organizes zero-mode counting and squeezing patterns. It does not, without further data, determine every coefficient or guarantee a gapped topological phase.\n\nThe same warning matters beyond Laughlin states. For the bosonic Moore–Read state, two particles may coincide, but the wavefunction vanishes when three coincide.\n\nThe fermionic Moore–Read state still has the pairwise Pauli zero. Its additional defining structure is the three-particle clustering constraint after that compulsory antisymmetry is factored out.\n\nJain fractions such as\n\n$$\n\\nu=\\frac{n}{2pn\\pm1}\n$$\n\nare more naturally organized as integer quantum Hall states of composite fermions, not by one simple pairwise vanishing exponent.\n\n### Physical interpretation — from an inserted zero to an anyon\n\nA quasihole at $\\eta$ is represented by\n\n$$\n\\Psi_{mathrm{qh}}(\\eta)\n=\\prod_i(z_i-\\eta)\\Psi_m.\n$$\n\nThe new factor raises the maximum degree of every electron coordinate by one. Thus it adds one magnetic flux quantum, not $N$ flux quanta, even though the total polynomial degree increases by $N$.\n\nIf the bulk is an incompressible screened fluid, adiabatic flux insertion or the plasma argument gives the localized missing electron charge\n\n$$\nQ_{mathrm{qh}}=\\frac{e}{m},\n$$\n\nwhere the electron has charge $-e$.\n\nAdiabatically taking one quasihole around another produces, up to orientation convention,\n\n$$\n\\theta_{mathrm{braid}}=\\frac{2\\pi}{m},\n\\qquad\n\\theta_{mathrm{exchange}}=\\frac{\\pi}{m}.\n$$\n\nThree descriptions expose different layers of this result.\n\n#### Plasma analogy\n\nThe probability density can be written as\n\n$$\n|\\Psi_m|^2=\\ee^{-\\beta U},\n\\qquad \\beta=2m,\n$$\n\nwith\n\n$$\nU=-\\sum_{i<j}\\log|z_i-z_j|\n+\\frac{1}{4m\\ell_B^2}\\sum_i|z_i|^2.\n$$\n\nThis is a two-dimensional one-component Coulomb plasma. In its screening phase, a quasihole acts as a screened impurity, making its fractional charge local and its long-distance Berry phase well defined.\n\nScreening is physical input. It is not a theorem of holomorphic algebra alone.\n\n#### Conformal field theory\n\nThe polynomial factor is a chiral-boson correlator,\n\n$$\n\\prod_{i<j}(z_i-z_j)^m\n=\\left\\langle\n\\prod_i :\\!\\ee^{\\ii\\sqrt{m}\\,\\phi(z_i)}\\!:\n\\,\\mathcal{O}_{\\mathrm{bg}}\n\\right\\rangle.\n$$\n\nThe electron and quasihole vertex operators are\n\n$$\nV_e(z)=:\\!\\ee^{\\ii\\sqrt{m}\\,\\phi(z)}\\!:,\n\\qquad\nV_{mathrm{qh}}(\\eta)=:\\!\\ee^{\\ii\\phi(\\eta)/\\sqrt{m}}\\!:.\n$$\n\nTheir operator-product exponents encode charge and statistics data.\n\nThe CFT construction produces conformal-block wavefunctions and candidate edge data. It does not automatically prove that a local bulk Hamiltonian is gapped.\n\n#### Chern–Simons theory\n\nAssuming the Laughlin topological phase, its long-distance response is described by\n\n$$\nS[a,A]=\\int\n\\left[\n\\frac{m}{4\\pi}a\\wedge\\dd a\n+\\frac{e}{2\\pi}A\\wedge\\dd a\n\\right].\n$$\n\nIntegrating out $a$ gives the Hall response magnitude\n\n$$\n\\sigma_{xy}=\\frac{e^2}{mh}.\n$$\n\nOne unit of emergent gauge charge has\n\n$$\nQ=\\frac{e}{m},\n\\qquad\n\\theta=\\frac{\\pi}{m}.\n$$\n\nThe microscopic polynomial, chiral edge theory, and bulk Chern–Simons action agree once they are known to describe the same gapped phase.\n\n## False claim to diagnose\n\n> Any lowest-Landau-level polynomial with the Laughlin pairwise zero automatically defines a gapped topological phase with charge-$e/m$ anyons.\n\nThe proposition compresses several different claims into one.\n\nThe pairwise zero exactly implies missing low-relative-angular-momentum channels and a parent-Hamiltonian zero mode. Flux counting identifies a densest allowed state.\n\nBut a robust topological phase additionally requires an isolated ground-state sector, a bulk gap, screening, and stability under local perturbations.\n\nSome elegant clustering wavefunctions instead describe critical states. Algebraic beauty does not guarantee incompressibility.\n\nThe defensible statement is:\n\n> Laughlin clustering supplies the microscopic zero-mode skeleton; a gap and screening promote that skeleton into topological order.\n\n## What follows — and what does not\n\nThe apparent disagreement is resolved by separating exact statements from phase-level inferences.\n\n- **Exact algebra:** order-$m$ pair zeros eliminate pseudopotential channels with $r<m$.\n- **Exact counting:** polynomial degree fixes the densest zero-mode filling and quasihole flux insertion.\n- **Dynamical input:** a stable bulk gap and screening localize the defect and protect adiabatic transport.\n- **Infrared description:** edge CFT and $U(1)_m$ Chern–Simons theory encode the resulting topological phase.\n\nThe local zero does not single-handedly prove global topology. It is the microscopic constraint from which global topology becomes reconstructible once the missing dynamical hypotheses are supplied.\n\n## Exercise\n\nConsider three fermions in the lowest Landau level with polynomial\n\n$$\nP(z_1,z_2,z_3)\n=(z_1-z_2)^3(z_1-z_3)^3(z_2-z_3)^3.\n$$\n\nFix $z_3$ and define\n\n$$\nR=\\frac{z_1+z_2}{2},\n\\qquad\nz=z_1-z_2.\n$$\n\n1. Show that $P\\propto z^3$ as $z\\to0$.\n2. Explain why this implies $P_{12}^{(1)}P=0$.\n3. Insert a quasihole, $P_{mathrm{qh}}(\\eta)=\\prod_{i=1}^{3}(z_i-\\eta)P$. Distinguish the increase in total degree from the increase in magnetic flux.\n4. State the additional physical assumption needed to infer charge $e/3$ from this defect.\n\n<details>\n<summary>Hint 1</summary>\n\nSubstitute $z_1=R+z/2$ and $z_2=R-z/2$. Examine whether the remaining factor is even or odd in $z$.\n\n</details>\n\n<details>\n<summary>Hint 2</summary>\n\nRelative angular momentum in the lowest Landau level is the power of the relative coordinate. Magnetic flux is controlled by the maximum degree of one coordinate, not by total degree.\n\n</details>\n\n**Oral check 1.** Why does being the unique densest zero mode not by itself prove a thermodynamic gap?\n\n**Oral check 2.** Where does plasma screening enter the argument for a localized fractional quasihole charge?\n\n<details class=\"solution\">\n<summary>Solution</summary>\n\nUsing $z_1=R+z/2$ and $z_2=R-z/2$,\n\n$$\nz_1-z_2=z,\n$$\n\nwhile\n\n$$\n(z_1-z_3)^3(z_2-z_3)^3\n=\\left[(R-z_3)^2-\\frac{z^2}{4}\\right]^3.\n$$\n\nThe second factor is finite and even in $z$ near coincidence. Hence\n\n$$\nP=z^3\\left[(R-z_3)^2-\\frac{z^2}{4}\\right]^3\n\\sim z^3.\n$$\n\nThe relative-coordinate expansion therefore begins at angular momentum $r=3$. There is no $r=1$ component, so\n\n$$\nP_{12}^{(1)}P=0.\n$$\n\nThe quasihole factor adds degree one to each of the three coordinates. The total polynomial degree increases by $N=3$, while the maximum single-coordinate degree increases by one.\n\nThe latter is the flux count:\n\n$$\n\\Delta N_{\\phi}=1.\n$$\n\nFor a gapped, screened $\\nu=1/3$ Hall fluid, adiabatic insertion of one flux quantum creates a localized deficit with\n\n$$\nQ_{\\mathrm{qh}}=\\frac{e}{3}.\n$$\n\nDegree counting identifies the flux defect. The Hall response or plasma screening is the additional input that turns it into a localized fractional charge.\n\n</details>\n\n## Check your understanding\n\nWhich implication is exact, and which requires a phase assumption?\n\n$$\n(z_i-z_j)^m\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{forbidden pseudopotential channels}\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{fractional anyons}.\n$$\n\nReply with the point at which you think the bulk gap and screening first become indispensable, or simply say “deeper,” “too easy,” or “too hard.”\n\n## Connections and next step\n\n- New pressure point: a clustering rule is not yet a proof of topological order.\n- Exact layer: pseudopotential zero modes and flux counting.\n- Phase layer: gap, screening, fractional charge, and braiding.\n- Translation layer: plasma analogy, chiral CFT, and $U(1)_m$ Chern–Simons theory.\n- Revisit: parent Hamiltonians versus operator domains in three runs.\n",
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      "tex": "\\sigma_{xy}=\\frac{e^2}{mh}.",
      "line": 263,
      "sha256": "7bb6820eaecc0536509ab6dbc7a3ba1b7c01ce65837e9c6d0b5c290aa544e1ad"
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    {
      "index": 40,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "Q=\\frac{e}{m},\n\\qquad\n\\theta=\\frac{\\pi}{m}.",
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      "sha256": "4400e687d60f21a19213f04a695ce98422f4d3258f5cb301a5ababeefe81893b"
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      "index": 41,
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      "tex": "e/m",
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    {
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      "tex": "m",
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      "index": 43,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "r<m",
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      "sha256": "0462022acafd754001af73fa977f1186436b6aac2ea9672193683484be7676d5"
    },
    {
      "index": 44,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "U(1)_m",
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      "sha256": "14157d2b14bd5b14a1877b450111b5707e3aed8878649a2b6206e59133977292"
    },
    {
      "index": 45,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "P(z_1,z_2,z_3)\n=(z_1-z_2)^3(z_1-z_3)^3(z_2-z_3)^3.",
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      "sha256": "99ae37c32e5fc2346bf029feb1f2cdc05caceb1819997174eea89604e7750174"
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      "tex": "z_3",
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      "sha256": "0702dc64afa5c9d88630975f4e4217283c1459d6f29813126ea329a286be80b3"
    },
    {
      "index": 47,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "R=\\frac{z_1+z_2}{2},\n\\qquad\nz=z_1-z_2.",
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      "sha256": "e7dc149978ec0faf8196d0d4c45364fa4010e9d6ec9f99871a5669db84b9947e"
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    {
      "index": 48,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "P\\propto z^3",
      "line": 321,
      "sha256": "51566cb6743f3841ec1d2c09d0a06f953356bfa3733129d3f352875cf238c429"
    },
    {
      "index": 49,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z\\to0",
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      "sha256": "a82b434440b9442c0545a21d6d9a451d52cba0811529c46dfaf75e3d6e42c53b"
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    {
      "index": 50,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "P_{12}^{(1)}P=0",
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      "sha256": "0d87b226ae51f0370308b60cb4e89eed18c0395be3be6916411fd8d924e140ad"
    },
    {
      "index": 51,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "P_{mathrm{qh}}(\\eta)=\\prod_{i=1}^{3}(z_i-\\eta)P",
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      "sha256": "52e28c57f088a19166f11a29874f1be1853b2d2c826cbfa135c55aea954a5576"
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      "display": false,
      "tex": "e/3",
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      "sha256": "17cf923bbf77396f07dfb37c714d030fa2ecfaef9f96c8e8e42325e50781f88e"
    },
    {
      "index": 53,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z_1=R+z/2",
      "line": 329,
      "sha256": "a74ad3def62d3a1837458ee2f8ef3092fef2d139cb5cb1ee4107664f785d049e"
    },
    {
      "index": 54,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z_2=R-z/2",
      "line": 329,
      "sha256": "3c71c0180761c388e55e4250e9618918f1ff4cca83d878512fbb2b7b9d50044d"
    },
    {
      "index": 55,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z",
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      "sha256": "594e519ae499312b29433b7dd8a97ff068defcba9755b6d5d00e84c524d67b06"
    },
    {
      "index": 56,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z_1=R+z/2",
      "line": 347,
      "sha256": "a74ad3def62d3a1837458ee2f8ef3092fef2d139cb5cb1ee4107664f785d049e"
    },
    {
      "index": 57,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z_2=R-z/2",
      "line": 347,
      "sha256": "3c71c0180761c388e55e4250e9618918f1ff4cca83d878512fbb2b7b9d50044d"
    },
    {
      "index": 58,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "z_1-z_2=z,",
      "line": 349,
      "sha256": "e77dcb11186cf57f7061cca85e6292b6a686c2d3d865f8d0a04f21a2636ac013"
    },
    {
      "index": 59,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "(z_1-z_3)^3(z_2-z_3)^3\n=\\left[(R-z_3)^2-\\frac{z^2}{4}\\right]^3.",
      "line": 355,
      "sha256": "29790830c69af664db07a21f00268552ca3fbd4bd8563b85364057418b6fda34"
    },
    {
      "index": 60,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "z",
      "line": 360,
      "sha256": "594e519ae499312b29433b7dd8a97ff068defcba9755b6d5d00e84c524d67b06"
    },
    {
      "index": 61,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "P=z^3\\left[(R-z_3)^2-\\frac{z^2}{4}\\right]^3\n\\sim z^3.",
      "line": 362,
      "sha256": "f0e5e040dd8e101b1faea74d987e161374f7924d19d9560cb08acb8cba3cd88a"
    },
    {
      "index": 62,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "r=3",
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      "sha256": "486b0278ddb50af549b5e4ffd9a98fb09117a4a9c9f9dffc816827c8b5df16e6"
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      "index": 63,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "r=1",
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    },
    {
      "index": 64,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "P_{12}^{(1)}P=0.",
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      "sha256": "5e1ae235fd16a90368557a9a4fc2043a400c16ad4c39afecb2af7327d5d376eb"
    },
    {
      "index": 65,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "N=3",
      "line": 373,
      "sha256": "51e4cf78a50f13a1ba637b2acc1eb7783cc5e43b8264b7aed1ddf05d625b33a1"
    },
    {
      "index": 66,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "\\Delta N_{\\phi}=1.",
      "line": 377,
      "sha256": "07ccac0eaf71d991b020cdf7a9bb121ccd2909a78fd89413c21ab85b3ee7474c"
    },
    {
      "index": 67,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "\\nu=1/3",
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      "sha256": "b52f8955b00ea93f8741818abf90878e2f3c6db985865d772284f4c97df5b74e"
    },
    {
      "index": 68,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "Q_{\\mathrm{qh}}=\\frac{e}{3}.",
      "line": 383,
      "sha256": "42b2a82fbb5e4e4836f70336b4e35a93db4b2d4a441a27d1adf15e7c3ba66a81"
    },
    {
      "index": 69,
      "display": true,
      "tex": "(z_i-z_j)^m\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{forbidden pseudopotential channels}\n\\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad\n\\text{fractional anyons}.",
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      "sha256": "abd56ad3caf193e7b427c21995b83d531e4df7eeb1b4f185c91f7c02f292bcf2"
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      "index": 70,
      "display": false,
      "tex": "U(1)_m",
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      "sha256": "14157d2b14bd5b14a1877b450111b5707e3aed8878649a2b6206e59133977292"
    }
  ]
}